PsychologicalScience: Children as young as 4 years old may reap better health from
altruistic giving, a behavior that tends to be less common among kids
from high-income families, according to new research on the nature and nurture of altruism published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. “The findings provide us with a new understanding of how children’s
altruistic behaviors, family wealth, and physiological health are
intertwined,” says psychological scientist and lead researcher Jonas
Miller of the University of California Davis.
Previous
research has shown that altruism, or giving that is personally costly,
can promote both physical and psychological well-being in adults. This
new study extends this research to young children, investigating how
their nervous systems respond during altruistic acts and how altruism is
related to family wealth.
In the study, the research team recruited 74 pre-schoolers (average
age 4 years old) from the local community. In the lab, the researchers
played with the children one by one and explained that they would earn
tokens that they could trade for prizes at the end of their visit.
As part of the visit, researchers attached (with parental consent)
electrodes to each child’s torso to collect physiological data,
including information about heart rate and vagal tone. Vagal tone
indicates the influence of the vagus nerve, which connects the brain
with other key organs and provides a useful measure of the body’s
ability to regulate physiological stress responses. High vagal tone is
related to feeling safe and calm, says Miller, and has been associated
with better physical health, behavior, and social skills among young
children.
Near the end of their visits, the children were given the chance to
donate some or all of their prize tokens to fictitious sick children who
weren’t able to come to the lab.
The researchers analyzed the preschoolers’ vagal tone during three
stages: the instruction phase; the decision phase, which included token
donation; and the conclusion phase, during which researchers returned
to the room, closed the token boxes without peeking, and put everything
away.
The resulting data revealed that the children who sacrificed tokens
to help sick kids showed greater vagal flexibility during the task,
indicating better physiological regulation throughout.
And the act of donating was, in itself, associated with higher vagal tone at the end of the task.
“We usually think of altruism as coming at a cost to the giver, but
our findings suggest that when children forgo self-gain to help people
who are less fortunate, they may get something back in the form of
higher vagal tone,” Miller explains. “It means we might be wired from a
young age to derive a sense of safety from providing care for others.”
The team also assessed the “nurture” aspect of altruism, looking at
the relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and the
sharing of prize tokens. The families of the children studied were
middle- to upper-middle income, with an average income in the
$75,000-$90,000 range.
The data revealed that children from more wealthy families in the
study shared fewer tokens than the children from less wealthy families.
“This implies that certain aspects of high-SES culture that have been
observed in adults, such as increased self-focus and decreased social
sensitivity, might be present in children as young as 4 years of age,”
says Miller.
The researchers note that because children from less wealthy families
donated more tokens, they may get a helpful physiological boost from
altruistic behavior. This boost might help to offset some of the
physiological disadvantage associated with growing up in a lower-income
household.
“Our findings suggest that fostering altruistic tendencies might be
one path to promoting better health and well-being for all children,”
Miller concludes.
Study co-authors include Jonas G. Miller, Sarah Kahle, and Paul D. Hastings of the University of California, Davis.
This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant T32-MH020006 and by Fetzer Institute Grant 2347.07.