Johns Hopkins. US: While an effective treatment is available for combating
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, it carries serious side effects for
patients. New research conducted at the Center for Tuberculosis Research
at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine shows that lower
doses of the toxic drug bedaquiline — given together with verapamil, a
medication that’s used to treat various heart conditions — can lead to
the same antibacterial effects as higher toxic doses of bedaquiline. The
combination of the two drugs could potentially shorten treatment time,
reduce the side effects of bedaquiline and improve patient outcomes for
those suffering from TB.
The study will be published in the January 2014 issue of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. The lead author is William Bishai, M.D., Ph.D., co-director of the Center for Tuberculosis Research.
“Using a mouse model of tuberculosis, we have shown lower doses of
bedaquiline together with verapamil have the same antibacterial effect
as the higher toxic doses,” says Shashank Gupta, Ph.D., a research
fellow at Johns Hopkins. “A lower dose of bedaquiline will cause no or
less severe side effects.”
Two years ago, bedaquiline became the first drug in the last four
decades to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the
treatment of multidrug-resistant TB. The drug works by inhibiting an
enzyme used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to replicate and spread
throughout the body. While it can be a lifesaving therapy against one of
the world’s deadliest diseases, bedaquiline can also cause serious side
effects in the heart and liver. Therefore, strategies to reduce the
dose of bedaquiline while retaining its antibacterial activity would
provide significant benefits to patients.
“Shortening treatment regimens and reducing the required doses may be a
promising strategy to reduce the incidence of bedaquiline-related
adverse effects and thereby improve multidrug-resistant TB treatment
outcomes,” says Gupta.
Bishai’s team wondered whether giving verapamil in addition to lower
doses of bedaquiline might do the trick. Verapamil is prescribed to
patients with hypertension and other heart-related conditions, because
it blocks cellular channels that affect the pumping of the heart and the
dilation of blood vessels. Studies have revealed that the drug also
inhibits bacterial efflux pumps that permit bacteria to survive within
cells. Efflux pumps contribute to multidrug resistance, because they
expel antibiotics and other compounds from cells. Blocking them could
open the door for shortening the course of antibiotics and for restoring
their activity against drug-resistant bacterial infections.
The researchers found that adding verapamil augmented the potency of
bedaquiline and accelerated its ability to clear mycobacteria in mice.
It also protected against the development of resistant mutants of the
bacteria in the animals. The researchers demonstrated that supplementing
bedaquiline with verapamil profoundly decreased the minimum inhibitory
concentration of bedaquiline against various strains of TB. The minimum
inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial
that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight
incubation in the lab. The presence of verapamil also decreased the
minimum inhibitory concentration of another antimycobacterial drug,
clofazimine, against TB.
The global burden of TB is enormous, with an estimated 8.6 million new
cases in 2012. This included 450,000 people with multidrug-resistant
disease that was associated with 170,000 deaths.
The results of this study can now be used to design a clinical trial in humans.
The funding of this study came from National Institutes of Health grants AI37856, AI36973 and AI097138